Editor’s note: This article from the World Bank “to solve water shortages in China” report is a series of analysis, the proposed background article “Europe and the U.S. water resources management experience: from the departments to the integrated management model changes” in the excerpt .HC Water Industry Network In the past half a century, long-term process of industrialization and economic development to Western Europe and the United States brought many Environment Problem is one of increasingly scarce water resources. To address this increasingly serious problem, these countries have taken various measures, in particular, beginning from the end of last century, its water resources management carried out a major change.
(1) pressure: the growing scarcity of water resourcesThe end of World War II from the sixties to the twentieth century, Western Europe and the United States in economic and social development has made considerable progress, but also paid for this progress, high price, that is, the rapid environmental quality deterioration. Water resources management as the most pressing environmental problems, because of water scarcity and declining water quality threaten economic development and public health. The main reasons for water problems caused by:Urbanization: the expansion of city size and urban population growth on the one hand demands a corresponding increase in water supply, it also led to discharge of wastewater to the water system increases.Industrialization: industrial development lead to more chemicals and then into the surface water, groundwater and ocean, many of them toxic and non-biodegradable substances; air pollutants also caused the deterioration of water quality.Modern agricultural production: In order to increase agricultural production, people use more and more fertilizers and pesticides, of which a considerable portion into the rivers, lakes, reservoirs and soil, causing eutrophication and ground Water Pollution ; Downstream sedimentation caused by soil erosion; livestock as a reason for deterioration of water quality; agricultural irrigation water extraction affect the flow of the river and water environment protection.Direct result of inappropriate economic activity deterioration of water quality and threatening the security of water supply. For example: since the twentieth century, the fifties to seventies, the Rhine that provide drinking water for the neighboring countries of Western Europe’s largest rivers are the industrial, agricultural and other production activities, serious pollution, had been dubbed the “sewer of Europe.” Some reaches of the species extinct, and water-related Disaster Frequent events. Eighties the United States in the twentieth century there have been similar to the situation.Flood control and power: to control floods and generate electricity more and more countries in the construction of dams and reservoirs, destruction of the purification capacity of river systems, affecting fish and other wildlife habitat and, consequently, ecological disaster.Engineering infrastructure: In order to meet a variety of water demand, these countries have adopted a number of engineering techniques. With the exploitation of water resources and wastewater emissions increases, the water system has become increasingly fragile. Exploitation of water resources and water services free of charge low prices for a more accelerated this trend.Investment: on the one hand, countries in the wastewater collection and treatment has invested huge amounts of money, but sometimes can not produce the desired results; the other hand, the implementation of more stringent standards and update aging infrastructure needs more funds and more shortages.In addition, non-point source pollution, pollution in general, accounted for a large proportion, it is difficult to control.Regulatory agencies and administrative departments in the face of challenges slow response. This is so, in many cases, an important reason is that these sectors appear Water Q Question of the basin has no jurisdiction. Therefore, they often are in the management of their own way, resulting in the management of institutions, the conflict between upstream and downstream, resulting in reduced water quality decline.These human activities and management measures to reduce river flows, falling water tables, salt water intrusion. Shortage of clean water not only threatens economic growth, and ultimately a threat to all aspects of human activity.(B) change: change management To the end of last century, including the world including Europe and the United States are facing more and more, more and more severe water problems. To do this, and many national governments and international organizations are trying to find a solution. In this context, the 1992 United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro Summit on Sustainable Development and the Dublin International Conference on Water Resources and Environment initiated new policies and ideas, learning from the lessons of many years, based on European and American countries and other some industrialized countries began to change their water resources management. This change reflected the following aspects:Separated from the department to integrated water resources management. Traditionally, water-related departments to run their own completely independent, and often limited by the use of shared water resources and conflict of interest. And separate management of this sector is different integrated water resources management planning in water supply, pollution control, agriculture, hydropower, flood control and navigation, etc. into consideration and its main purpose is the opportunity cost analysis or best value analysis of water use to determine the water costs, thus improving the increasingly scarce water resources allocation. For example: From mid-1995, the European Commission carried out a series of consultation activities, and in 2000 formulated the “Guidelines for water resources management framework” (TheWaterFrameworkDirective), proposed the “water-based watershed management policies.” It is the EU policy on water resources management as a new milestone in the EU Member States an integrated management model. The United States there have been similar changes, reflected in the “Clean Water Act” (TheCleanWaterAct) the water quality of this important framework legislation. The Act changed the U.S. from the original project to project, sources of pollution to the pollution sources, pollutants to the pollutants of management, towards more holistic, watershed-based management strategies.This management emphasis on protecting the health of watershed-based water system, restore damaged river systems.The development of new regulatory and institutional framework. Integrated management of water resources planning and management requirements must be based on watershed basis. To use this new management policies and practices, European countries and the United States has developed and promulgated, including rules, standards and guidelines, including the new regulatory framework for.Importance of non-point source pollution control. In Europe and the United States, although Sewage Overflow and storm water pollution problems remain unresolved, but the point source pollution has been largely under control. Such as agricultural irrigation water is now more difficult to control non-point source pollution has become a culprit of water pollution. Therefore, these countries pay more attention to non- The e-commerce company in China offers quality products such as Precision Turning Parts , China Aluminum Die Casting Parts, and more. For more , please visit Precision CNC Machining Parts today!
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